The Whaling And Whale Watching Industry Tourism Essay

The Whaling And co exhalationus Watching Industry Tourism EssayThe eco touristry manufacture, once a recession market for the environmentally concerned travellers is getting more popular in the recent years and the number of tourists dynamic in this particular touristry segment is change magnitude (Wood, 2001).Ecotourism initially describe the nature-based travel to relatively dispassionate aras with commandment as the of import occasion. Through the years, the concept of ecotourism has matured to a definition that should comprise of a few elements including nature-based, active participation, progressive education travel, interpretation of natural environments, social and hea soish components, involvement and returns for the local confederacy and withal the concern to be ecologically and environmentally sustainable (Parks, Parks, Allen, 2009).In ecotourism, the activities ho usance range from a few hours of nature appreciation to a long duration tour that will take mo nths. This includes activities much(prenominal) as presentation of the devil dog biology on a cruise ( cetacean mammal- honoring), a guided tour in a national park, snorkelling and more more.The main objective of this essay is to further discuss run- ceremonial occasion, a type of cetacean watching, virtually the world and if this natural action is affecting the behaviors of the whales population near the coastal atomic number 18a.Whale-watchingWhale-watching is a commercial activity that is carried erupt(a) by the tourists to observe, swim with and/or listen to the whales in their natural habitat. These activities are normally for recreation purpose however whale-watching shadow also serve scientific and educational purpose.During the olden years, a phenomenal growth for whale watching as tourism activity has been observed around the world. This particular activity has involved an estimated of 9 million participants yearly in 87 countries and generates approximately US$ 1 billion each year (Hoyt, 2000)With the lucrative profit from obtainable from whale-watching activity, this wee-wee led to heated debates on the whale-watching and whaling industry. It has been argued that whaling is antipathetical with whale-watching (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to admit whaling a tourism intrusion shield engage from the Domini lot Republic, 2009). In a survey headed, it was found out that 91.4% of whale-watching tourists would not go to countries whereby they hunt whales for commercial purpose to engage in whale watching and that 79% of them would even boycott visiting the country (Parsons and Rawles, 2003, cited in (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Domini peck Republic, 2009)).A few of the more popular sites for whale-watching includes Kaikoura, juvenile Zealand Tofino and Telegraph Cove, in British Columbia, Canada Ogata and Ogasawara, Japan Friday Harbour, Washington, USA Hervey Bay, Byron Bay , and Monkey Mia, Australia Husavik, Iceland and many more. According to Hoyt (2000), the most common focal species for whale-watching industries are the humpback whales, ancient whales, northern and southern right whales, blue whales, minke whales, sperm whales, short-finned pilot whales, orcas and bottlenose dolphin dolphin.Despite the benefits obtained from whale-watching activity, operators should take caution while carrying out these activities as the amateurish activities in the inshore water can pose a study threat to the whales and dolphins. The threats can due to direct cause such as injuries due to accidental cuts by the gravy boats propeller, or an confirmatory stress to them from the luxuriously frequency sounds made by the vessels motor.In order to prevent such harms towards the animals, the operators should follow by the marine write in code of conduct in order to protect the animals welfare. There are different set of code of conduct that are used across the w orld but the common rules found in these code includes maintaining a certain aloofness from the animals, maintain a sure course and speed when near the animals and also move away if signs of anguish are displayed by the animals.However, is it sufficient to just adhere to the code of conduct and should there be more actions to be undertaken by the g everywherenment to economic aid in the sustainability of this tourism activity. Several studies pitch been carried out throughout some(prenominal) regions to discuss more on the issues of the whale-watching activities and whether this activity is sustainable.Literature ReviewsWhaling and Whale-WatchingDebates affirm been pass on worldwide on the issue on whether whaling can co-exist with whale-watching in a region. It has been assignd that there is an urgent call for to evaluate the cultural and the environmental value of the tourists and find out what are the factors that attracts or discourages them from participating in whal e-watching activity (Higham, 2007 and Lusseau, 2008, cited in (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009)). However, there are rebuttal on such claims, indicating that the fact whereby countries such as Iceland, Japan and Norway all engage in active whaling and yet clear whale-watching activities within their countries and thus it is not valid to argue that whaling and whale-watching are incompatible (Corkeron, 2006, cited in (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009)).According to Parson and Draheim (2009), the tourists whom participated in cetacean tourism tend to hold strong environmental set and thus whitethorn have very strong sentiments against whaling. Also, tourism improvement is the major source of economic income for the Dominican Republic, any activity that may affects the stability of this income could have major impacts withi n the country. The study also shows that with a spunkyly visible national insurance towards cetacean conservation, and opposition to the catch and capture of cetaceans, it would be beneficial in attracting tourists to the country, whereas a visible pro-whaling policy might repel the tourists (Parsons Draheim, A reason not to support whaling a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic, 2009).Higham and Lusseau, (2008) also state that the answer to whether whaling and whale-watching activity can coexist depends largely in the perceptions, values and behaviours of the tourists themselves.Effects of whale-watching on the animalsDespite the lucrative profits that can be obtained from whale-watching activity, the well- creation of the animals involved in the activity, which mainly includes the cetaceans should be emphasised, which thus leads to increasing number of studies tensioning on whether the whale-watching activity will cause gap to the animals.Disturbance in this case is defined as the negative ascertain that interferes with the natural behaviour of cetaceans and has a harmful outcome (Ritter, 2003, cited in (Stamation, Croft, Shaughnessy, Waples, Briggs, 2009)). wholeness of such studies was carried out in the whale-watching site at newly federation Wales (NSW). The main focus of whale-watching in NSW is the humpback whales, although there are also tours to watch other marine mammals such as dolphins and seals. Most of the watching will occur during the whales southern migration when the whales move much slower than on their passage northwards. Signs of disturbance in the humpback whales around the world include orientation away from the vessel, increased in fluid speeds, prolonged submergence and changes in the respiration behaviour and such turning away behaviour are observed in this study (Stamation, Croft, Shaughnessy, Waples, Briggs, 2009).As this study is a short term study, it cannot be used to conclude that such avoidance b ehaviours will cause any detrimental outcome for the whales involved. However, the possibilities of do work on negative long-term effects onto the whales due to the reduction of the time played out foraging resting, socializing or suckling should not be ignored. nonprogressive approach on the management of the humpback whale-watching industry should be follow to ensure that the short term impacts that was discovered in this study does not translate to the long term impacts (Stamation, Croft, Shaughnessy, Waples, Briggs, 2009). other study has been done on the killer whales to find out the behavioural responses of this species towards the whale-watching boats. It was stated that with the exposure of millions of the tourists to the animals in their natural environment, this may change the attitudes towards the protection of the critical habitat and jeopardise populations. Guidelines for whale-watching should be based on the actual impacts of the human activity on the whale behav iour instead of the perceived effects. Once again, it have being emphasised that when a whale is been disturbed, it shows sign of avoidance either by varying the duration of its dives, or by swimming faster or altering the direction of swimming. Antagonistic behaviours such as slapping flukes or fins on the surface of the water may also be displayed. Since the changes in behaviours of the whales are observed when boats are near, management of whale-watching should adopt more conservative distance guidelines to present even immenseer benefit to the animals (Williams, Trites, Bain, 2002).Sustainability of whale-watchingAs mentioned supra, whale-watching industry has enjoyed a phenomenal growth and mothers in lucrative profit for the community that carries out this activity. With that, there are more participants in this industry and hence direct to an increasing number of regulations and guidelines that were developed in an attempt to ensure the sustainability of the industry. The expect to develop appropriate guidelines for the commercial whale-watching activities should be attend to. Also, with the limited information available on the species and their behaviours there will be an urgent need to develop new knowledge and understanding to help guide management of the industry (Valentine, Birtles, Curnock, Arnold, Dunstan, 2004).The sustainability of the whale-watching activity and its associated benefits could be significantly affected by the changes in the occurrence of the local cetacean species in response to the global humor change. Global mode change refers to the net change in climate over time which is a consequence of either natural unevenness or human activity. It has been identified that both direct and indirect meaning by which changing of the sea surface temperature could affect the cetacean distribution. With that, it can cause the change in range of species distribution, the occurrence and abundance of individuals and the measure and le ngths of migrations the effects on reproductive success and mortality levels. The above have clearly shown the potential implications for both cetacean species and whale-watching tourism (Lambert, Hunter, Pierce, MacLeod, 2010).FindingsStudies on the operations of the whale-watching activities in two different regions, New Zealand and Iceland have been done.Whale-watching in New ZealandAt Kaikoura, New Zealand, the male sperm whales are the primary focus for the commercially important whale-watching industry. With the growing industry, there is an increase in the concerns over the social, educational and environmental impacts of whale-watching on both the local human and whale populations.The cetacean relies on echolocation for foraging and communication, hence these species becomes exceptionally vulnerable to changes in their acoustic environment. For example, the addition of anthropogenic sound sources via the boats presence (research boat and whale-watching boats) results in a r eduction of the mean blow interval of the whales. These tendencies to edit breath are due to the stress respond by the animals (Richter, Dawson, Slooten, 2006).On top of the decreased respiratory periods, shorter surfacing intervals and sharp directional changes have also been identified as potentially unacceptable changes in behaviour. The above are evidences that are enough to suggest that the whale-watching industry in Kaikoura is having an unfavorable effect on the whales (Curtin, 2003).Whale-watching in IcelandIn Iceland the whale-watching industry did not pop out until 1990 and the country is becoming a major player rapidly within the international whale-watching market (Parsons Rawles, 2010). As the coastal water of Iceland host a variety of cetacean species which includes the humpback whales, minke whales, blue whales and killer whales that are the propose of whale-watching operations. Although the whaling activity in the Icelandic waters had ceased in 1989, but then w haling resumes during 2003 despite there is no legal process for that.The Icelandic judicature did little thinkation on how the resume of the commercial whaling might impact on the whale-watching industry. And through the studies, it was discovered that the resumption of commercial whaling could cause a massive and critical reduction in the number of whale-watching tourist firing on whale-watching trips in Iceland which in turn results in a loss of direct income (Parsons Rawles, 2010).Since whale-watching is currently the pillar of the Icelandic economy, thus care must(prenominal) be taken so that the Icelandic government does not suppress it.AnalysisThrough the reviews of the studies that have been done on the whale-watching activity in various regions, particularly New Zealand and Iceland, it can be concluded that the whale-watching industry is a growing industry that is bound to bring in high revenue for the community that is conducting such activities. However, the whale-w atching activity that is being carried out can cause disturbance to the cetaceans in the regions which leads to the change in behaviours of these animals. These changes in behaviours can cause adverse effect on the animals. On top of that, the whale-watching activity might cause direct injuries to these animals through the cuts by the propeller of the boats.Another issue is that commercial whaling should not coexist with the whale-watching activity. As it has been found out that most of the whale-watchers are very environmentally motivated and they display great interest in the animal welfare issues (Parsons Rawles, 2010). Since majority of the whale-watchers have sonant out that they would boycott visiting a country that conducts hunts for cetaceans, places with whale-watching activity should consider with care regarding the implementation of whaling activity in the region since whale-watching can bring in high revenue for the destination and that introduction of whaling might br ing down the benefit of whale-watching.RecommendationVoluntary approaches are being considered as an important tool for the conservation and environmental management. The voluntary approaches towards conservation can include agreements between regulatory agencies and private enterprise, agreements among the industrial firms, or code of conduct within a professional or industrial theme (Wiley, Moller, Pace III, Carlson, 2008). Voluntary agreement to the operational procedures can be naturalized for commercial whale-watching vessels that are used to view the endangered or saved species of whales. Guidelines can be created to avoid whale strikes and to prevent the whale-watching boats from disrupting the animals. This is important as in some of the areas, commercial whale-watching boats have a relatively high frequency of collisions with the whales, contributing high noise levels around the whales, disrupting whale behaviour and reducing the reproductive fitness of the whale (Wiley, Moller, Pace III, Carlson, 2008).Besides the use of voluntary approach, collaborative relationships can be established between the whale-watching companies and the related organizations and individuals that make up the organizational field. These collaborations can play an important subprogram in structuring the relationships and understandings of members of the field (Lawrence, Phillips, Hardy, 1999). By collaboration, it refers to a cooperative, inter-organisational relationship that is negotiated in an current communicative method.Science educationConclusion

Critical Discussion of Corporate Social responsibility (CSR)

Critical discourse of Corporate complaisant righteousness (CSR)Corporate Social Responsibility definedCorporate companionable debt instrument (CSR) is when a corporation exceeds statutory air concern standards (Johnson and Scholes 2008). CSR policies atomic number 18 relevant because they state what a fellowship int nullifys to achieve, in addition, to its statutory obligations. A corporation has to stick to with legal standards much(prenominal) as use of goods and services contracts. However, a company ground engagement exceed those principles if it chooses to pay a life-time wage rather than the minimum wage (Bloomer 2014).Introduction to the Critical discussionThe discussion testament examine a traditional criticism of unified neighborly certificate of indebtedness through the work of Friedman. This is a medical prognosis which proponents of CSR will need to refute. The essay will indeed discuss how affectionate and environsal responsibility outhouse be re conciled, with profitability, using the work of Porter. The example of Hewlett Packard is discussed at length. This is because its policies emphasise how a multi-national company freighter achieve both environmental and kind responsibility together with somatic profitability. The work of proficient is then considered. This argues that companies should exhaust bodied objectives which atomic number 18 broader than just profitability and consider the purport of the business.Friedmans View of Corporate Social ResponsibilityFriedmans view is a non-interventionist or laissez-faire vision of commerce. In his view business should aim to pass water money while complying with the basic rules of the auberge such as nonrecreational taxes (Friedman 19701). It assumes that consumers are s all overeign and are able to significantly influence corporate decision- reservation. This view of commercial organisations underplays the significance of consumer market failure. It is assumed that c onsumers can feature their business elsewhere as Friedman believed that consumers can transfer their business to other producers (Friedman 1970). However, this is not possible if the consumer is unable to pay for another competitor business firms products. This is the fibre if a consumer were unable to pay for the safety features, offered by a car producer such as Volvo, as discussed below. To summarise, socially trustworthy polices, can be seen as unrealistic if consumers are unwilling to pay for them.Friedman argued that socially amenable business policies, such as promoting equality, can harm company performance. For example, Ben and Jerrys adopted a payment scheme where the highest paid employee could only consume no to a greater extent(prenominal) than five times the income of the lowest paid firm employee (Barney and Hesterly 20107). This payment scheme made it difficult to recruit senior managerial talent to make sure that the company grew and remained profitable (B arney and Hesterly 2010).A more(prenominal) Progressive View of Corporate Social Responsibility in that respect is an progressively an expectation that companies will contribute to society to a greater issue than when Friedman was writing in the early 1970s. Companies operate in a social environment as well as an economic environment (Grant 2008). A firms ability to survive depends upon its acceptability among consumers who give the firm social authenticity (Grant 2008446). Examples of social awareness, such as a demand for safer cars, suggest that companies are wise to respond to consumer concerns (Grant 2008).Corporations see come under increasing constrict to contribute to the societies in which they operate and to adopt more socially liable business practices (Christodoulou and Patel 2013467).The corporate setting of voluntary objectives can be seen as an adequate response to the needs of society. Companies can set voluntary standards to compress the extent to which thei r actions cause negative externalities or side-effects (Barney and Hesterly 2010). For example, if a car manufacturer builds a car with a large number of safety features which more than comply with legal requirements. Volvo has promoted the benefits of a relatively safe car which adds rate that the customer is willing to pay a reward for (Thompson and Martin 200595). However, this approach can also be seen as merely serving a premium segment of the market, rather than being particularly socially responsible. In this case, Volvo is pickings a marketing position which conforms to sales objectives while offering ruin safety to the motorist (Johnson and Scholes 2008). Corporate social responsibility is only conform to pecuniary requirements.Porters View on Corporate Social Responsibility and the environmentThe concept of CSR is useful as it can help reconcile the fiscal needs of business with say the safety needs of society. Porter argues that it is a mistake for business to see environmental legislation as a threat to be resisted (Porter and van de Linde 1995). Rather, socially responsible businesses can view code in a positive manner that environmental regulation can be built upon to utilise mental imagerys more effectively. It is argued, that there are costs incurred with the elimination of environmental problems but that these are outweighed by the benefits, including pecuniary savings and reformments to product quality (Thompson and Martin 2005). because, it is possible for corporations to be socially responsible without compromising the financial status of the organisation. Porters argument is useful. It has allowed thoughtful companies, such as Hewlett Packard, to reconcile investment in environmental initiatives with corporate profitability.The Hewlett Packard ReportHewlett Packard has a unvoiced reputation in terms of corporate social responsibility (thecro.com 2010). The companys CSR policies are detailed and indicate a high level of social responsibility. For example, the company presents environmental information, in a proactive manner, with evidence of lacking to improve recycling programmes. It aims to improve environmental programs to take down the waste from its return operations (Hewlett Packard 2011). Through these environmental initiatives, the company can help reduce business costs. Hewlett Packards CSR report discusses how it aims to extract value from products which are at the end of their product life (Hewlett Packard 2011). An example is the companys commitment to re-manufacture its printer cartridges so that they can be used again. The company is attempting to promote a strong corporate responsibility through proactive environmental investment.Hewlett Packard has demonstrated strong social responsibility policies. This suggests that such policies can be implemented on a large scale. The company has tenderd a significant amount of disclosure on a wide range of corporate areas from the environment to human resource management. The detail provided by Hewlett Packard is superior to other companies given that online trade humankindations have viewed Hewlett Packards performance favourably (thecro.com 2013). Given that Hewlett Packard was assessed favourably then the information provided, in its CSR report, can be interpreted as thorough and accurate.The company attempts to improve the wider business community with measures to develop its external supply chain. The company aims for strong standards of behaviour outside the companys core business. This suggests that it is attempting to improve working relationships with its component suppliers (Hewlett Packard 2011). Hewlett Packards CSR archive conveys that the company is enabling social responsibility to be addressed. The company suggests that it has a grievance procedure so that different stakeholders can report social or good problems to senior management (Hewlett Packard 2011). The company is clearly investment funds in a res ponsible approach as it describes legal posting as an absolute minimum which it expects of different stakeholders (Hewlett Packard 201182). They argue that their decision making achieves better employment standards, than laws in the different countries in which the company operates (Hewlett Packard 2011).Concerns over Hewlett Packards Stated PoliciesHewlett Packard attempts to make the company accountable, to external industry scrutiny. Procedures have been outlined which should make sure that ethical labour standards are achieved (Hewlett Packard 2011). The concern is that ethical objectives could be difficult to implement. on that point does not appear to be a specific example of how this guidance statement could be delivered in practice. However, there is a well structured diagram which outlines how the company will provide a governance structure so that the company can comply with ethical challenges (Hewlett Packard 201182).Some of Hewlett Packards environmental statements can be interpreted as platitudes. The company claims that that it wants to conserve more resources than it consumes (Hewlett Packard 2011). The concern is that it is easy to provide such statements. However, it is more difficult to assess how they are going to conserve more than they consume. This is because environmentally acceptable re-manufacturing programmes will still require energy usage despite the conservation of the materials.Hewlett Packard may have worse polices, in practice, than those conveyed by its report. This is because suppliers could be forced to comply with the companys standards. There are power relationships among dominant multi-national companies, such as Hewlett Packard, and their suppliers (Locke et. al. 2012). The international sourcing of computer components has left suppliers threatened to the dominant buying policies at Hewlett Packard (Wetherly et. al. 2011). These power relationships will tend to be overlooked, in corporate social responsibility report s, because companies will want to show themselves in a favourable light.Corporate social responsibility policies have been criticised. The using of CSR policies have been difficult to implement for umteen firms (Birchall and Cook 2006). However, these criticisms should, generally, not be directed at Hewlett Packard due to the level of detail contained in its CSR report. Arguably, they have made an honest corporate attempt to contribute to society (Porter and Kramer 2002). The report goes beyond the legal compliance advocated by Friedman. The detail provided is of a superior standard when compared to a minimum level of legal compliance.The clientele and Ethical Concepts of HandyThe work of Handy, arguably, goes beyond the corporate responsibility work of writers such as Porter. This is because Handy emphasises the importance of mission statements and the purpose of the organisation. Handy argues that the purpose of a business . . . is not to make a profit, effective stop. It is to make a profit so that the business can do something more or better. That something becomes the real justification for the business (Sage Publications 201515). Handy argues that a firms profit should be the means to a larger end (Sage Publications 2015). There are companies which adhere to a deeper purpose than merely profit. Tradecraft, in the UK, would be a good example as the companys purpose is to operate life-changing development projects (Traidcraft 2015).However, Traidcraft operates in a niche area of the retail market where rich consumers, who are willing to pay higher prices, contribute to international development. Therefore Handys ideas may have limited application to businesses throughout the whole of the linked Kingdom. However, his ideas are useful where they can be applied. Tradecrafts mission moves beyond contiguous stakeholders, such as owners and clearly considers the needs of the broader society (Dess et. al. 2010). The company is an polished example of a co mpany which incorporates social and environmental, as well as financial factors, into its decision making (Dess et. al. 2010).The challenge for proponents of social responsibility is that many retailers only undertake social and environmental policies which do not misemploy their sales and profits. many a(prenominal) retailers will concentrate on environmental responsibility in their stores, where they can achieve resource efficiency targets (Jones et. al. 2009). Many retailers social responsibilities are guided by what they can achieve within their financial imperatives (Jones et. al. 2009). However, such corporate policies could lead to accusations of greenwashing. In other words, that the retailers commitment to the environment is limited and that social responsibility reports can play a public relations role rather than a social responsibility role. Many firms are engaging in greenwashing to mislead consumers about the extent of their environmental activities (Delmas and Burba no 2011).ConclusionThere is evidence of improvements to companies social responsibility polices. This is because firms have completed that it is financially prudent to use environment resources wisely. It is also necessary for business to be sustainable and to invest in good employment practices and right(a) labour standards. However, there is a concern that corporate social responsibility is limited by what the consumer is willing, or able, to pay for more ethical approaches. There are few examples of businesses which are willing to adopt socially responsible policies which affect their profitability. Ben and Jerrys is one example before its takeover by Unilever.ReferencesBarney, J. and Hesterly, W., (2010), strategical way and Competitive Advantage Concepts and Cases, Third Edition, Boston Prentice residencyBurchell, J. and Cook, J. (2006), Confronting the corporate citizen Shaping the discourse of corporate social responsibility, International daybook of Sociology and Socia l Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3/4, 2006, p. 121-137Bloomer, E. (2014), Local action on wellness inequalities Health inequalities and the living wage, Public Health England. Retrieved fromhttps//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ single file/357407/Review6_Living_wage_health_inequalities.pdfChristodoulou, I and Patel, Z. (2013), Strategic Perspectives, Westminster Business School, University of Westminster, New York McGraw HillDess, G., Lumpkin G. and Eisner, A. (2010), Strategic Management Creating Competitive Advantages, Fourth Edition, Boston McGraw HillDelmas, M. and Burbano, V. (2011), The Drivers of Greenwashing, UCLA, California Management Review. Retrieved fromhttp//www.ioe.ucla.edu/media/files/Delmas-Burbano-CMR-2011-gd-ldh.pdfFriedman, M. (1970), The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits, The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970. Retrieved fromhttp//www.umich.edu/thecore/ physician/Friedman.pdfGrant, R. (2008), Contemporary Strategy Analysis, Sixth Edition, Oxford Blackwell Publishing.Hewlett Packard, (2011), HP 2011 Global Citizenship Report. Retrieved fromhttp//www8.hp.com/us/en/pdf/hp_fy11_gcr_tcm_245_1357670.pdfJohnson G. and Scholes, K., (2008), Exploring Corporate Strategy Eighth Edition, Harlow Pearson EducationJones, P., Comfort, D. and Hillier, D. (2009),Marketing Sustainable aspiration within Stores A Case Study of the UKs Leading Food Retailers, Sustainability 2009, 1, 815-826. Retrieved fromhttp//www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/1/4/815Locke, R, Distelhorst ,G., Pal, T. and Hiram M. S., Production Goes Global, Standards Stay Local Private Labor edict in the Global Electronics Industry, Retrieved fromhttp//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1978908Porter, M. and Kramer M., (2002), The Competitive Advantage of Corporate Philanthropy, Harvard Business Review, celestial latitude 2002. , Retrieved fromhttp//www.expert2business.com/itson/Porter%20HBR%20Corporate%20philantropy.pdfPorter, M. and v an de Linde, C. (1995), Towards a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship, The Journal Of stinting Perspectives, Vol. 9, No. 4. Retrieved fromhttp//www.conservationeducation.org/uploads/6/2/0/1/6201942/porter_-_environment__competitiveness_1995.pdfSage Publications (2014), What is CSR. Retrieved fromhttp//www.sagepub.com/upm-data/34698_Chapter1.pdfThecro.com, (2010), CRs snow Best Corporate Citizens 2010. Retrieved fromhttp//www.thecro.com/files/CR100Best.pdfThompson, J. and Martin, F. (2005), Strategic Management Awareness and Change, Fifth Edition, capital of the United Kingdom Thomson LearningTraidcraft, (2015), Traidcraft Fighting Poverty Through Trade. Retrieved fromhttp//www.traidcraft.co.uk/Wetherly, P. and Otter, D. (2011), The Business Environment Themes and Issues, snatch Edition, Oxford Oxford University Press

Behavior Change Plan to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease

Behavior Change Plan to Prevent coronary flavour DiseaseMaintaining a Healthy Lifestyle Behavior to Prevent a Reoccurrence of Coronary Heart DiseaseJames J. SpeenIntroduction exculpation for choosing the wellness demeanourI am a 57 year ancient male, diagnosed with diabetes mellitus II, and cardiovascular disease stemming from atherosclerosis. In March of 2006, I experienced an penetrating angina pectoris attack while testing for a brown pat in Tae Kwon Do. The angina attack led to an emergency department fancy at a local health facility and ultimately culminated in a quadruple coronary artery bypass graph (CABG). My healthc be providers are continu ally stressing the importance of making kempt choices and maintaining a rosy modus vivendi in order to prevent a reoccurrence of coronary mall disease (CHD). Further, supporting my physicians opinion, Ferris, Kline, and Bourdage (2012) state that biopsychosocial health displayed no direct relationship to CHD risk, but affirmat oryly predicted a healthier life style. A healthier lifestyle was related to lower levels of CHD risk.Over the past 6 months, I have strayed from my regimen of healthy eating and everyday knead and am beginning to feel the negative effects of weight gain, irritating sums, and decreased endurance during physical drill. It is now style variety time. This go forth be accomplished by discontinuing my current unhealthy behaviors and resuming a healthy lifestyle consisting of a regimen of eating heart healthy food for thoughts and use.Justification for the behavior lurch fancyI used the Theory of plan Behavior (TPB) model, as outlined in our textbook, Health Psychology A Biopsychosocial Approach (Straub, 2012) to evaluate my current behavior. First, I determined that continuing my behavior would eventually lead to another CABG or even worse my death. Secondly, after considering my doctors views regarding CHD prevention through lifestyle modification I chose to comply with my healthcare providers advice. And finally, I realize that I am the only one who flowerpot manage my manageable health risk factors.MethodMaterials and ProcedureI monitored my pre-change caloric intake, business line glucose, and physical doing levels for seven solar days. My caloric intake and amount of exercise was recorded using the MyFitnessPal mobile industriousness. Blood glucose levels were measured each day with a OneTouch ultra 2 origination glucose meter. Glucose measurements were performed twice each day at 600a.m. and at 1000p.m.. This info was used to urinate my base line cardiac healthy lifestyle compliance.After this period, I enacted a behavior change plan to regain control oer my controllable cardiac health risk factors. I added the use of a HoMedics model KS-701 digital dietary scale to accurately measure my food portions and increased the amount of water that I consumed day by day. Additionally, 1 hour of cardiovascular and strength training exercises w as added to the daily regimen. Caloric intake and exercise activity were recorded using the MyFitnessPal mobile application and blood glucose was measured with the OneTouch Ultra 2 blood glucose meter. Nutritional data consisting of caloric intake, carbohydrates, fat, protein, cholesterol, sodium, sugar, and fiber from the MyFitnessPal application along with blood glucose data, was imported into an Excel spread sheet for data comparison and analysis. Average daily values for each category were computed for twain the pre-behavior change and behavior change periods.ResultsThe pre-behavior change average nutrition information showed that I was consuming too much fat, cholesterol, and sodium. Additionally, two my a.m. and p.m. average blood glucose readings exceeded the National Institute of Health (NIH) blood glucose recommendations of pre- meal 70130mg/dL and 2-hours post meal The modified behaviors showed significant feelers across the scope of all values monitored when compared t o my behavior change goal. Refer to Table 2 for a more detailed comparison of behavior change to the behavior change goal. Additionally, Table 3 demonstrates the effect that positive health risk behavior modification has on un-healthy controllable health risk behaviors.DiscussionWhat worked and what didnt work with my change planThis behavior intervention was successful from the bandstand that the cycle of unhealthy lifestyle choices I was making, was interrupted. Furthermore, a modest improvement in controllable cardiac health risk factors was realized. Even though, I was unable to implement the cardiovascular and strength exercise portion of my plan I experienced a 6 pound weight outrage attributable to overall daily caloric reduction.External and internal factors that contributed to the strong suit of my change planExternal factors viewing my change plan were the copiousness of family support and the inability to implement the exercise component of my plan out-of-pocket to a severe lower lumbar sprain requiring a lengthened time to heal.Internal factors that helped motivate me to make change were the chronic joint pain and decreased physical endurance I was experiencing. Another positive motivator was being able to see the real-time qualitative results of my daily nutritional choices.Shortterm and longterm consequences of not changing my behaviorAccording to the southmost Australian Department of Health (2012),the short-term consequences of not changing my behavior may include impairment of my daily health and wellbeing and reduce my ability to lead an enjoyable and active life. Additionally, continued un-healthy nutrition choices can contribute to stress, fatigue, and can affect my ability to work. Furthermore, pitiful nutritional choices have been associated with increased incidences chronic medical exam conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia.The long-term consequences of not making healthy lifestyle chang es to reverse the abovementioned chronic medical conditions lead to serious life-ending diseases. Uncontrolled hypertension causes thickening of the heart muscle which reduces the hearts pumping efficiency. Kidney failure is as well as caused by unmanaged high blood pressure in diabetics. Furthermore, uncontrolled hypercholesterolemia leads to increased plaque buildup in the arteries, which may form blockages, and induce a heart attack.The adverse effects of diabetes are immense. According to WebMD (2012), complications from diabetes are caused by damage to the bodys blood vessels, nerves or both.Damage to the vascular system causes blindness from diabetic retinopathy. Retinopathy is caused by the retina last from insufficient blood flow. Peripheral neuropathy is damage to the nerves in the feet and can lead to open wounds that will not heal. Over time, these open wounds generate infected. Left untreated, the wound develops gangrene and the limb needs to be amputated.Eventually, the additive negative long term effects of living an unhealthy lifestyle void of heart healthy nutrition and a regime of exercise will culminate to that moment we sometimes hear about where we are lying on our deathbed and the most prominent thought in our mentality is, I wish I would have.ReferencesFerris, P.A., Kline, T.J., Bourdage, J.S. (2012). He Said, She Said Work,Biopsychosocial, and Lifestyle Contributions to Coronary Heart Disease Risk.Health Psychology, 31(4), 503-511.Straub, R.O. (2012). Staying Healthy Primary Prevention and verifying Psychology. InHealth psychology A biopsychosocial approach (pp.167-169). New York, NY expense Publishers.National Diabetes Education Program (U.S.),. (2014). Know your blood sugar numbers.Author. joined States Centers for Disease Control and PreventionDerrher/WebMD, D. (2012). Effects of Uncontrolled Diabetes on Eyes, Kidneys, Heart,and More. Retrieved from http//www.webmd.com/diabetes/risks-complications-uncontrolled-diabetesSouth A ustralia Department of Health. (2012, July 6). The Risks of Poor Nutrition SA Health. Retrieved from http//www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/healthy+living/is+your+health+at+risk/the+risks+of+poor+nutritionTable 1Pre-change Health Behavior Table 2Behavior change compared to behavior change goalTable 3The effect of positive health risk behavior modification on un-healthy controllable health risk behaviors

The Day Of The Dead In Mexico

The twenty-four hour period Of The drained In MexicoE precise Mexican is closely inform with death, jokes about it, c besses for it, sleeps with it, celebrates it, said the Mexican poet Octavio Paz (Kuhn. 2006). daytime of the Dead (Spanish Da de los Muertos) is a holi daytime, festival which is dedicated to the memory of the on the spur of the moment hatful, and is held on the initiative -2nd of November in Mexico. There is a belief that the understandings of dead plurality deduct to their relatives homes these eld (Williams, 1998).The origin of the holiday goes back to the tribes of Maya, Purpech, Naun and Totonac. These people had been praising the dead during more than 3 thousand of years.The Aztecs considered that the death was more only- measurable(prenominal) than the keep. The life was worth of nothing, and they believed that leaving, a man was going through the nine set down humanitys in Miktlan, which is the shelter of the dead people. No matter how people lived, it is important how they were dying it influenced their fate in the netherworld. It is also said that the sidereal day of the Dead was brought to Mexico by Spanish people. But the Catholic Church is not adapted to eradicate pagan holidays till the end. Day of the Dead is a knockout mix of Christian traditions of the conquerors and the ancient Aztec customs.Talking about the history of this holiday, it is needful to mention that the life for the inhabitants of ancient Mexico was just a moment. Death was vigilant dreams in the present, in come in to enter the world of the dead and come in in front of the other gods, depending on the type of case, which took a way of life their lives. Those who cave in been sacrificed or died in a result of the war, went to the sun after death, the same fate awaited the women who died, giving life to the child. Those who have drowned found themselves in paradise (Smith, 2005).The souls of the dead children were regarded as precious, tha ts why they stayed in the house the soul that was not chosen by God was left in the underworld. In order to help souls to travel from this world into the world of the dead, without delay, people who died were buried or burned, along with things, food, a dog as a companion and water for the road.In the sixteenth century, when the conquest and colonization began, the widespread public exposure of the Catholic religion also started. People were afraid of death and infernal region that time.But in the eighteenth century, two types of attitude toward death were intertwined in a single cult. Skeletons and bones appe keister again, but with a festive and the fishy mood, in addition, the Catholic symbols appeared in the local crafts and foods. Now it is a popular holiday, which involves all segments of society.It is believed, the souls of the dead people return to the world of alive in order once again to see their families for two days. Houses in these days look like the crypts, but the grave are decorated with flowers and ribbons, and all the relatives and friends come to honor the memory of dead people. And in order their souls which are go to earth in the form of butterflies or hummingbirds dont fixate lost, candles are lit everywhere, pointing them the way home (Verti, 1993).The holiday gathers the friends and family together in order to remember and pray for those have already died. The cult of the dead was very important for Indian tribes, which are why nowadays ceremonies, rituals and traditions come from that time. bingle of the mysteries of the holiday is the communion table, which is traditionally built on October 31. The Aztecs believed that the dead are returning home in order to take the necessary things for the journey to the world of the dead el Mictlon. Now to build the altar is an unusual way to show the deceased relatives, friends, that they are remembered and loved.Each component of the altar has a fussy meaning. The altar stands on a ta ble covered with an embroidered cloth. The about important component is the bread which has the shape of the human body and has the elevate of the deceased. The bread is surrounded by orange flowers of calendula, symbolizing the sadness. Candles should be impetuous around the altar (each of them gets the name of the deceased). In some homes the road from the immersion door to the altar is sprinkled with petals of calendula, in order the deceased not to get lost. On the 1st of November Mexicans go out, meet friends, and then have dinner at home, telling funny stories.Usual altar, which Mexicans have on The Day of Dead has such things as calaveras, fruit, nuts, candles, bread of dead, alcohol, cigarettes, papel picada (perforated paper) and a lot of petals of flowers (Conklin, 2001).And on the 2nd of November people bring rice with milk, sweets, tequila, cigarettes and coffee to altar. The bottom of the altar is decorated with pumpkins and rolls of various shapes and colors. Some times the part of the altar, is carried to the grave of the deceased decorating tracks of burying ground with candles. In those days, people treat each other on behalf of the deceased, in the hope that in the future the deceased will help in a difficult moment.The first day of the holiday is called Da de los Angelitos (Day of angels) and is dedicated to the commemoration of little children. For adults is meant to be the second day which is in fact, the Day of the Dead. All major events and exultations are on the second day. It is the day when street marches, especially in small towns and villages are arranged. The way of the celebration can be very different in some areas of the kingdom the residents organize sad solemn torch procession, the type of funeral, while others favor the burlesque fun, bright colors, dances and songs. Usually people dress up as skeletons and at night the whole country under the light of torches rushes to the graves of relatives, taking traditional tequi la, favorite food of the deceased and sugar skulls with the label of dead people on forehead. In the night, it looks like a savage river flows in the direction of the cemetery. At cemeteries people drink, eat, and dance (Greenleigh, 1998).On the Day of the Dead it is common to write humorous epitaphs and draw caricatures of the deceased. Thus, during the holiday people can buy sugar and chocolate skulls of all sizes, marzipan coffins, skeletons and marmalade in every shop.Women bake cakes and donuts with the pattern of bones, the crosses of the dough, and other decorations for the altar, for the picnic at the cemetery.The Day of the Dead is the most popular holiday in Mexico. Mexicans attitude to the death is not usual it is not tragic, but joyous day for meet with those who were dear for them. It is not a tragic holiday, but triumphant festival, with the non-white costumed procession and the music. This holiday is so significant, unusual, and colorful, that in 2003, it was decl ared the heritage of mankind by UNESCO (Kuhn, 2006).It is very beautiful and interesting to walk at Mexican cemetery at the Day of Dead. Every grave is a peace of art, which can form an idea about the dead soul whether he was a carpenter, or a watchmakerThere is a small building at every cemetery, which looks like a populate with a hole in the ceiling. This is a special place which people use in order to talk to dead people. If someone has something important to tell to the dead people, he can go into this room and whispering his important information. And if the teller is sincere, then he will be incessantly heard by the deceased person.There is a need to study that while celebration, people cook sweets in the form of skulls, make special figurines of dressed female skeletons Katrina (Spanish La Calavera de la Catrina). In 2004 the students of the National autonomous University of Mexico, built a wall from 5,667 sugar, chocolate and caramel skulls, which is 2,667 skulls more than the fountain wall. The wall has become one of the records from the Guinness Book of Records (Brandes, 2006).Mexicans have very proper(postnominal) attitude to death, that is why their holiday Day of the Dead is one of the surpass and popular holidays in their culture. As famous Mexican poet Octavio Paz wrote Fearless Mexican doesnt feel confused when death comes, he is ready to move out front it, to teas, tempt it, squeeze it in his arms, lie down with it in bed it is his favorite toy and the last love.Work CitedBrandes, Stanley. Skulls to the Living, Bread to the Dead. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405152478. 12.15 (2006). pp. 232.Conklin, Paul. Death Takes A Holiday. U.S. Catholic 66 (2001) 38-41.Greenleigh, John., Beimler, Rosalind Rosoff. The days of the dead Mexicos Festival of Communion with the Departed. (1998). p. 56.Kuhn, John. reservation a night of Day of the Dead. Los Angeles Times 18. 10 (2006).Smith, Fiona. Bolivians Honor Skull-Toting Tradition. Associated Pre ss. 11.08 (2005).Verti, Sebastin. Mexican traditions. (1993). pp. 112-115.Williams, Rick. The Day of the Dead, Halloween, and the Quest for Mexican National Identity. Journal of American Folklore 442 (1998). pp. 359-80.

Communication Mechanism System

Communication Mechanism clayExplain the importance of inter mobile ph wholenessph adeptular chat and describe the mechanism involved.inter cubiclephoneular chat is important because it assist the nervous dust to elongate the long-run process as harvest-time, discipline, or re exertion. The endocrinal system uses chemical messengers to communicate information and instructions between cells. One of the mechanisms involved in intercellular communication is know as direct communication this communication is ancient scarce is important when it occurs. This is when devil cells of the same type and the cells must be in extensive somatic contact. The cells atomic gay action 18 so close they righteousness as one. The major(ip)ity of the communication is known as paracrine communication which is where the cell continuously exchange chemical messages between each other so they in sink with one another(prenominal).Compare and contrast the modes of intercellular communication u sed by the endocrine gland and nervous systems and discuss the functional import of the differences between the two systems.The nervous system performs short term crisis perplexity and the endocrine system regulates long-term, ongoing metabolic processes. The endocrine system uses endocrine communication which helps regulate ductless glands through the circulatory system and the nervous system dose not have the capability to do this. Another large difference is synaptic communication the nervous system uses this form of communication of neurons to push button neurotransmitter at a synapse very close to a post cell that bear the right sensory receptors. This form of communication allows the physical structure to match quickly to situations to escape from harm.3. Explain the general mechanisms of hormonal action and identify which internal secretion types work through each mechanisms.A hormone receptor is a protein molecule to which a bad-tempered molecule bindsstrongly. Each cell has receptors for replying to several disparate hormones,but cells in different interweaves have different combinations of receptors. For everycell, the presence or absence of a specific receptor determines the cells hormonal sensitivities. Hormone receptors are located either on the cell membrane or inside the cell. The mechanisms of hormonal action are that receptors for catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are in the cell membrane of objective cells, thyroidal and steroid hormones home run the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or lens nucleus, trip or inactivating specific genes.4. Describe the control of endocrine variety meat.The endocrine organs are controlled by three mechanisms of the hypothalamic control. One is the secretion of regulative hormones to control activity of front lobe of pituitary gland secreter. Two the production of antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. And finally is the control of sympathetic output to a d nephritic medullae.Explain the geomorphological and functional relationship between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus.The pituitary gland releases nine important peptide hormones all bind to membrane receptors and use cyclic-AMP as a second messenger.The pituitary gland hangs inferior to the hypothalamus which all the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to help in the function of the hypophyseal ingress system. By the hypothalamus secreting specific regulatory hormones it controls the production of hormones in the anterior lobe. This unit system works to secret hormones from the hypothalamus through the pituitary gland in a network of capillaries that are connected. All this ensures that all the hypothalamic hormones first appearance the portal vessels provide reach the target cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland before entering general circulation. 6. Predict how alternations in hormone production, delivery, or reception by target tissues would ask its a ction and telephone line dumbness levels.Describe the factors that could determine a cells hormonal sensitivity.Cells sensitivity is fixed by two factors down-regulation and up-regulation. Down regulation is a process in which the presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors. This process is when levels of particular hormones are high, cells become less handsome to it. Up-regulation is a process in which the absence of a hormone triggers an adjoin in the number of hormone receptors. In this process the levels of a particular hormone are low, cells become more sensitive to it.Identify the hormones produced by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland and specify the functions of those hormones.The anterior lobe produces cardinal hormones thyroidal-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the thyroidal gland and triggers the release of thyroid hormones. As circulation concentrations of thyroid hormones rise, the rate of TRH and TSH product ion lour.Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the suprarenal gland cortex and targets cells that produce glucocorticoids.Gonadotropins regulate the activities of the gonads.Follicle-stimulating hormone (follicle-stimulating hormone) promotes follicle development in females and, in combination with luteinizing hormone, stimulates the secretion if estrogen by ovarian cells. In males, FSH stimulates sustentacular cells, specialized cells in the tubules where sperm differentiate.Luteinizing hormone (LH) induces ovulation, the production of reproductive cell in females. Also promotes the secretion, by the ovaries, of estrogen and the progestin, which prepare the body for pregnancy. In male hormone is sometimes called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), because it stimulates the production of commove hormones by the interstitial cells of the testes. luteotropin (PRL) works with other hormones to stimulate mammary gland developme nt. increment hormone (GH) stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating the rate of protein synthesis.The posterior lobe produces two hormonesAntidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released in response to a variety of stimuli, around notably a rise in the solute concentration in the melody or a fall in breed volume or blood pressure. A rise in the solute concentration stimulates specialized hypothalamic neurons.Oxytocin (OT) stimulates smooth muscles contraction in the wall of the uterus, promoting labor and delivery. later on delivery this hormones stimulates the contraction of myoepithelial cells around the secretory alveoli and the ducts of the mammary gland, promoting the ejection of milk. reciprocation the results of kinky levels of pituitary hormonesAb linguistic rule levels of pituitary hormones can have a cast and complex impact on the growth, fertility, and function on the human body via the effect of the hormones on their target organs. Diseases anywhere from asthma to growth problems can occur.Identify the hormones produced by the thyroid gland, specify the functions of those hormones, and discuss the causes and results of defective levels of thyroid hormones.The thyroid gland produces thyroglobulin, tyrosine, and thyroxine. The functions of these hormones areThyroid hormones enter target cells by means of an energy dependent send system and they affect almost every cell in the body.Thyroid hormones bound to cytoplasmatic receptors are held in storage untilintracellular levels of thyroid hormone decline. Thyroid hormones bound tomitochondria increase ATP production. Thyroid hormones bound to receptors inthe nucleus activates genes that control energy utilization.The calorigenic effect the cell consumes more energy resulting in increased heat generation.In growing children, thyroid hormones are infixed to normal development of the skeletal, herculean, and nervous systems.The thyroid gland is primarily trustworthy for a strong, immediate, a nd short-lived increase in the rate of cellular metabolism.The major factor controlling the rate of thyroid hormone release is the concentration of TSH in the circulating blood.The causes of abnormal levels of thyroid hormones can stool an iodide deficiency because in the U.S. we consume more than they daily amount needed. Thyroid hormone production declines, regardless of the circulating levels of TSH.Describe the functions of the parathyroid gland hormones, and the effectuate of abnormal functions of each hormone.Parathyroid hormone has four major set up1. It stimulates osteoclasts, accelerating mineral turnover and the release ofCa2+ from bone up.2. It inhibits osteoblasts, reducing the rate of calcium attestation in bone.3. It enhances the reabsorption of Ca2+ at the kidneys, reducing urinarylosses.4. It stimulates the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys. Theeffects of calcitriol complement or enhance those of PTH, but one majoreffect of calcitriol is the enhancement of Ca2+ and PO43- absorption by thedigestive tract.The parathyroid glands, aided by calcitriol, are the primary regulators of bloodcalcium I levels in healthy adults. When the parathyroid calcium levels become abnormal in that respect are two disorders that can occur. Hypoparathyroidism the gland secretes low calcium concentrations in body fluid. Hyperparathyroidism is when calcium concentrations become abnormally high.Identify the hormones produced by the adrenal gland cortex and medulla and specify the functions of each hormoneThe adrenal cortex secrets the hormones adrenocortical, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. The adrenocortical steroids or corticosteroids are vital if the adrenal glands are finished or removed, the one-on-one will die unless corticosteroids are administered. Mineralocorticoids increase renal reabsorption of Na+ and water which accelerates urinary loss of potassium. Glucocorticoids release aminic acids from skeletal muscles and lipids from adipose tissue promote liver formation of glucose and glycogen promotes peripheral utilization of lipids anti-inflammatory effects. Androgens are not important in men encourages bone growth, muscle growth, and blood formation in children and women.The adrenal medulla secrets epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose levels releases lipids by adipose tissue. Also this is where the fight or flight syndrome is sparked. hash out the results of abnormal levels of adrenal hormone productionWhen the adrenal hormone becomes abnormal it produces several different disorders. The first is hypoaldosteronism the zona glomerulosa fails to produce enough aldosterone, slackly either as an early sign of adrenal insufficiency or because the kidneys are not releasing adequate amounts of rein. A rare but serious disorder can occur called Addisons disease which results from inadequate stimulations of the z ona fasciculata by the pituitary hormone ACTH or, more commonly, from the inability of the adrenal cells to combine the necessary hormones, generally from adrenal cell loss caused by autoimmune problems. Another disease is Cushings disease which results from overproduction of glucocorticoids. There is another aspect of abnormal production of adrenal hormones that affects men and womens awakeual characteristics called adrenogenital syndrome. In women, this condition leads to the gradual development of male secondary coil sex characteristics, including body and facial hair patters. In male to causes an increase of estrogen resulting in larger breast tissue or other female secondary sex characteristics. Last but not least there is a disorder of the adrenal medulla called pheochromocytoma which is an overproduction of epinephrine that causes a tumor that produces catecholamines in massive quantities.Describe the functions of the hormones produced by the pineal gland.It contains pinea locytes, which synthesize the hormone melatonin. The suggested functions of the pineal gland is that it inhibits reproductive functions, protects againstdamage by trim radicals, and sets circadian rhythms.Identify the hormones produced by the pancreas and specify the functions of those hormones.The pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine cells. Cells of the endocrinepancreas form clusters called pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). The pancreatic islets release insulin and glucagons. Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise, and it stimulates glucose transport into, and utilization by, peripheral tissues. Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels decline, and it stimulates glycogen breakdown, glucose synthesis, and fatty acid release. controvert the results of abnormal levels of pancreatic hormone production.When the pancreatic hormones produce abnormal levels of insulin and glucose it causes an individual to be diabetic. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by glucose concentration that is high enough to overwhelm the reabsorption capabilities of the kidneys. Glucose appears in the urine, and urine production generally becomes excessive.Describe the functions of the hormones produced by the kidneys, boldness, thymus, testes, ovaries, and adipose tissue.Control of the heart, kidneys, thymus, gonads, and adipose tissue. The kidneys release erythropoietin and calcitriol into the red bone marrow, intestinal lining, bone and kidneys. All of the hormones releases are to stimulate red blood cell production and calcium and phosphate absorption and it also stimulates calcium ions from bone inhibits PTH secretion. The heart controls the hormones natriuretic that targets the kidneys, hypothalamus, and adrenal gland. These hormones increase water and salt loss at kidneys decrease thirst and suppress secretion of ADH and aldosterone. The adipose tissue contain two hormones that support to different functions, first is leptin which targets the hyp othalamus for suppression of appetency permissive effects on GnRH and gonadotropin synthesis. Second is resistin that targets cell end-to-end the body that suppresses insulin response. Last but not least are the gonads with the hormones androgens, inhibin, estrogen and progestin. All these hormones are targeted by the pituitary glands to support the reproductive organs in males and females.In males the interstitial cells of the testes produce androgens. Testosterone is the most important sex hormone in males. Sustentacular cells in the testes support the differentiation and physical maturation of sperm. Under FSH stimulation, these cells secrete the hormone inhibin, which inhibits the secretion of FSH at the anterior lobe.The female body develops oocytes in the follicles follicle cells produce estrogens, specially estradiol. After ovulation, the remaining follicle cells reorganize into a corpus luteum. Those cells release a mixture of estrogens and progestins, especially progeste rone.Explain how hormones interact to produce coordinated physiologic responses.Hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responses in four ship canal1. antagonistic (opposing) effects2. synergistic (additive) effects3. permissive effects, in which one hormone is necessary for another toproduce its effect4. integrative effects, in which hormones produce different, butcomplementary, resultsIdentify the hormones that are especially important to normal growth, and discuss their roles.Several hormones are especially important GH, thyroid hormones, insulin, PTH,calcitriol and reproductive hormones. The circulation concentrations of thesehormones are regulated independently. Changes produce unique individualgrowth patterns.Growth Hormone (GH) effects are most apparent in children where GH supportsmuscular and skeletal development. In adults GH assists in the maintenance ofnormal blood glucose concentrations and in the mobilization of lipid reserves.Thyroid hormones if these h ormones are absent during fetal development or forthe first year after birth, the nervous system will fail to develop normally andmental retardation will result. If T4 concentrations decline before puberty, normalskeletal development will not continue.Insulin without insulin the pass of glucose and amino acids across cellmembranes will be drastically rock-bottom or eliminated.Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitriol promote the absorption of calciumsalts for incidental deposition in bone. Without adequate levels of bothhormones, bones will be weak and flexible.Reproductive Hormones the sex hormones (androgens in males, estrogens infemales) stimulate cell growth and differentiation in their target tissues.Differential growth generate by each hormone accounts for gender-relateddifferences in skeletal proportions and secondary sex characteristics.Define the general adaptation syndrome.Any condition that threatens homeostasis is a stress.Our bodies respond to a variety of stress-ca using factors through the generaladaptation syndrome (GAS), or stress response.The GAS can be divided into three signifiers1. the alarm phase2. the resistance phase3. the exhaustion phasehttp//www.harford.edu/ cleverness/SSchaeffer/Endocrine%20Outline.dochttp//www.miramar.sdccd.cc.ca.us/faculty/kpetti/Bio160/Martini7DetailLectOutlines/18-Detailed_Lect_Out_LO.pdf.pdf

The Validity Of Essiac As a Cure For Breast Cancer :: Biology Health Medicine Essays

The Validity Of Essiac As a Cure For front CancerDoctors continue to study breast malignant neoplastic disease, one of the leading causes of last in women, in attempt to find an all out cure. more(prenominal) and more women are diagnosed with breast genus Cancer each year. In 1995, an estimated 182,000 women in the United States were diagnosed, of which 10% to 15% were already locoregionally advanced (Ames et al, 1996). Breast malignant neoplastic disease has been plaguing women since 1600 B.C. where it was treated with such methods as amputation or by burning the lesion (Eberlein, 1994). A variety of supposed panaceas have been proposed as cures, however, the most modern engineering and research has identified three main modalities in the treatment of genus Cancer surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. These modalities are most advantageous in ridding the body of cancer and prolonging life as noted in key research studies. THE septet MOST COMMONLY USED, MEDICALLY ADVANCED PROCE DURES FOR ERADICATING BREAST CANCER art object doctors do not completely disregard homeopathic cures as cancer treatments, due to the cells high rate of metastasis, time is most definitely of the essence. many medical journal studies have alluded to seven specific procedures for combating a tumour of the breast. The Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center backs up this assertion and explains the procedures on their home scalawag at (http//www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/opa/cancer.html). Of the seven treatments, a MODIFIED RADIAL MASTECTOMY is the most public treatment of early identified breast cancer and the most fortunate by physicians. This procedure includes the full removal of the breast, underarm lymph nodes and the lining of the federal agency muscles. Seldom used today, but a common procedure of the past, a RADICAL MASTECTOMY was also an option recommended for women, entailing a removal of the entire breast, vanity muscles, all underarm lymph nodes, and additional fat and skin. The TO TAL and SIMPLE MASTECTOMIES, to that extent another scientifically worthwhile option in the fight against breast cancer, involve the removal of only the breast, and sometimes a removal of a few underarm lymph nodes closest to the breast to check if the cancer has begun to give to other parts of the womans body. PARTIAL and SEGMENTAL MASTECTOMIES remove the malignant tumour as well as a wedge of normal tissue paper surrounding the tumor, including some skin and the lining of the chest muscle below the tumor, again checking for metastasis. Slightly newer, more advanced treatments involve directly targeting the cancerous tumor, including extra prophylactic measures.

High-Tech Workers in the Silicon Valley Essay examples -- Essays Paper

Brief History of the vale The silicon Valley area became a major manufacturing power subsequently World warfare II. The Cold War furthered this development, as industries involved in defense, aerospace, steel, oil, automobiles, and so on prospered (Hossfeld 405-406). The high-technology industry began in the laboratories of corporations much(prenominal) as cost Laboratories, American Telephone and Telegraph, Fairchild Camera and Instrument, and General Electric during this Cold War era (Bacon, Organizing). Employment in California, especially Silicon Valley, grew rapidly amidst 1950 and 1980 due to technical innovation that characterized the postwar prosperity. Furthermore, federal spending grow Californias economy, placing it in the front of a high-technology revolution (Hossfeld 405). Politicians such as the former President Clinton and Vice President Gore cerebrate the Silicon Valley the model for the United States industrial growth in the new millennium. While this model has had remarkable products and performance, it also employs underpaid workers in grievous environments (Siegel 91). Moreover, unlike most manufacturing industries in the United States, the high-tech workers are non organized into unions.Microelectronics and Cell Phones Santa Clara Valley, California, better known as Silicon Valley, is the birthplace and reigning capital of the largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry in the world, microelectronics (Hossfeld 405). Microelectronics is defined as a branch of electronics that deals with the miniaturization of electric circuits and components. This involves computers, processor, cell phones, and legion(predicate) other electronic devices. Cell phones are becoming a fail of the microelec... ...ersity of California Press, 1995.- Organizing the Valley. Silicon Valley biz ink. 2003. Silicon Valley line of merchandise Ink. 14 Oct. 2003 . - Orr, Andrea. Ex-IBM Worker Says He Lost His S ense of Smell. hayseed News. 2003- Yahoo Inc. 13 Nov. 2003 . - Siegel, Lenny. New Chips in Old Skins Work and Labor in Silicon Valley. Global ProductionsLabor in the Making of the Information golf-club. Ed. Gerald Sussman & John A. Lent. New Jersey Hampton Press Inc., 1998.- Silicon Valley Companies. San Jose/Silicon Valley Websites. 2002 San Jose/Silicon Valley Websites. 13 Nov. 2003 .

Leadership in The Once and Future King :: Once and Future King Essays

The Once and in store(predicate) King Leadership   In The Once and Future King T.H. ovalbumin conveys his personal thoughts on leadership through the help of Merlin, and Warts transformations. Through individually transformation Wart experiences various forms of power, each being a map of a whole idea on how a leader should act. He must piece together these ideas for the definitive way he should radiation pattern as queen. In order to teach Wart, Merlin transforms him into several different forms, a weight, hawk, ant, goose and a badger. "I wish I was a fish, said the Wart." (p.45) At that, Warts first transformation plunged him and Merlin into the castles moat. They proceeded to meet the largest fish in the moat, who is the ruler. This fish took what he wanted because of his size. In a linguistic communication about power, he told Wart "Might is right," and might of the body is great than might of the mind. Because of the way the fish-king ruled , his subjects obeyed him out of charge for their lives. Wart experienced this firsthand when the fish-king told him to leave. He had grown bored of Wart, and if Wart didnt leave he wouldve eaten him. The king used his size as his claim to power, therefore his subjects followed him out of fear. In Warts next transformation into a hawk he soared into the castles mews. All the birds in the mews had a military rank. Their leader was an old falcon, who was kept for show. The birds who bedded below the falcon, held her in highest regard because of her age. She applied her power over the other(a) birds with no c oncern for their lives. In one instance, Wart is ordered to nucleotide next to the cage of a crazy hawk who almost killed him. On the other hand, her age brought respect. The falcon was much older than the others because she had not been released once she outlived her usefulness as a huntress. Her age and attitude allowed her to maintain a powerful grip over all the birds s he ruled through fear and respect. Next, Wart was transformed into an ant and posted within an ant colony. thither was a single leader of the ants, and she was the only thinking individually in the whole nest.