Neurons; semi-permeable membrane

Neurons semi-permeable membraneNeurons argon covered by a semi-permeable membrane that contains Ion Channels. These ion channels open and close to let ordained ions, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), and prejudicial ions, like atomic number 17 (Cl-), enter the nerve cell. Ion channels argon closed when the neuron is not transmit information or is resting. Using a device called the oscilloscope, neuroscientists mystify piece that the Resting Potential of a neuron (or the electricalal charge of a resting neuron) is -70 millivolts (mV). Thus, an electric eel having 8,400 neurons net generate up to 588 VBecause a resting neuron is negatively charged in relation to its positive surrounding (that is, more negative ions atomic number 18 present privileged the cell body of the neuron), a resting neuron is said to be polarized. However, when dendrites receive neurotransmitters from neighboring neurons, the ion channels open up and let positive ions depolarize the neuron. T he Action Potential of a neuron (or the electrical charge of an take offd neuron) depends upon the kind of neurotransmitter house by the neuron. The qualitative differences among neurons result to variation in their electric potential threshold. A depolarized neuron that has reached its voltage threshold fires at a level of intensity that remains unchanged, called the All-or-None principle, and as fast as 0.001 second. The brief wave of positively charged ions inside the neuron pushes the synaptic vesicles at the end of the terminal buttons, thereby cathartic the neurotransmitters to the Synapse or the Synaptic Gap, the small gap between neurons. Neurotransmitters that atomic number 18 released in the synapse do not move in a predictive panache rather, they randomly wander along the synaptic gap. Different neurotransmitters have diametrical shapes, and the shapes serve as keys for opening the receptor sites at the dendrites of the receiving neuron. After the neurotransmitter activates the receiving neuron, they are then reabsorbed back in the synaptic vesicles of the terminal buttons of the releasing neuron. The re-absorption causes the neuron to get polarized and rest once again.In summary, the pre-synaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that activate the post-synaptic neuron, which, in turn, releases neurotransmitters that can further activate other neighboring neurons. In this manner, electrical transmission is converted into chemical code, and back to electricity. This is the reason why the noisome system is characterized with electrochemical transmission. However, communication between neurons is not a analog path. Known as the Volley principle, a firing neuron can activate many neurons at once vice versa, a neuron can be activated by the simultaneous firing of neurons that have unlike neurotransmitter types.Neurotransmitters are the chemicals released by a neuron to communicate with some other neuron. They may be excitatory or repressing. E xcitatory Neurotransmitters are those that activate other neurons to fire, man Inhibitory Neurotransmitters are those that restrain neurons to fire. There are currently fifty (50) discovered neurotransmitters. The six (6) types of neurotransmitters featured be pitiful are those that have major effects on behavior.* Acetylcholine or Ach is an excitatory neurotransmitter twisty in muscular action, learning and memory. It is located throughout the central and fringy nervous system. Low level of acetylcholine is associated with Alzheimers Disease, a degenerative disease wherein neurons exceed at a rate faster than normal. Up to date, no interference has been found to cure this deadly disease. Drugs that supply ACh are barely used to delay or reduce the rate of neuronal death.* Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that controls voluntary movement, sleep, mood, attention and learning. Inhibition is a very important element for controlled action. Low level of dopamine is assoc iated with Parkinsons Disease, wherein patients shake uncontrollably on different parts of the body. The disease is also degenerative, so that the shaking can align from mild to extremely uncomfortable. On the other hand, high level of dopamine is observed among schizophrenic patients.* Endorphinis an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in feelings of pleasure. Endorphins are called the inborn opiates in the body and serve as pain killers especially on pregnant women during labor and delivery. High level of endorphins is also observed among trunk call runners and persons shocked from a traumatic accident.* Gamma Amino Butyric red-hot or gamma aminobutyric acid is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that controls the electrochemical communication among neurons. It is located only in the central nervous system, and fills one-third (1/3) of the brains synapses. Low level of GABA is associated with anxiety.* Norepinephrine is both inhibitory and excitatory. It controls alertness and regu lates sleep and wakefulness with ACh. As an inhibitory neurotransmitter, noradrenaline acts like GABA in preventing neurons from firing uncontrollably. As an excitatory neurotransmitter, it activates the heart muscles, the intestine and the neuro-genital tract. (For more information on how norepinephrine affects the body, consider reading about the endocrine system from the article What are the Biological Foundations of Behavior?) Low level of norepinephrine is linked with depression, while high level of norepinephrine is associated with agitation and mania.* Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that workings with Ach and norepinephrine in regulating sleep, mood, attention and learning. Just like norepinephrine, low level of serotonin is associated with depression.